100 Significant Papers
The 100 articles reproduced here have been chosen on the basis of their subsequent
importance to lighting. Articles were considered from the Society's technical
publications dating from February 1906 to January 2004. A searchable version of the
complete index of Society publications, some 950 pages, was produced. With its aid,
papers were found, categorized, and considered by an interdisciplinary group of
reviewers with expertise covering the following areas:
General | Application | Calculations | Color | Controls and Economics | Daylighting | Glare | Human Factors | Light Sources | Luminaires and Optics | Measurements and Photometry | Non-Visual Effects | Roadway Lighting | Vision |
General
This category defined articles of general interest and broad topic. Two papers were
placed in this category, both from the earliest years of the Society.
Application
Examples of lighting design and engineering have been a prominent part of the Society's
publication. Nine papers were selected from this category, published between 1907 and
1974, covering specific projects as well as general lighting applications issues such as
equipment maintenance and psychological design factors.
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Jul 1907 — C.E. Knox, Illumination of The Engineering Societies Building, New York
Mar 1911 — Clarence L. Law, Albert Jackson Marshall, The Lighting of A Large Store
Jan 1924 — Earl A. Anderson, James M. Ketch, Depreciation of Lighting Equipment Due to Dust and Dirt
Feb 1924 — M. Luckiesh, A.H. Taylor, Colored Lighting
May 1934 — Junius D. Edwards, Aluminum for Reflectors
Aug 1949 — Parry Moon, Domina Eberle Spencer, Luminous-Ceiling Lighting
Mar 1963 — Francis Clark, Accurate Maintenance Factors
Jan 1966 — Francis Clark, Accurate Maintenance Factors- Part Two (Luminaire Dirt Depreciation)
Apr 1974 — Lyle H. Taylor, Eugene W. Socov, The Movement of People Toward Lights
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Calculations
The history of this application engineering aspect of lighting is described in the ten
papers selected from this category. They were published between 1907 and 1996,
covering the earliest graphical techniques up to the application of computer programs.
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Jul 1907 — Clayton H. Sharp, The Concepts and Terminology of Illuminating Engineering
Oct 1908 — J.R. Cravath, V.R. Lansingh, The Calculation of Illumination By The Flux of Light Method
Jun 1910 — Edward B. Rosa, Photometric Units and Nomenclature
Mar 1920 — Ward Harrison, Earl A. Anderson, Coefficients of Utilization
Mar 1946 — Kiyosi Hisano, Light Flux Distribution in a Rectangular Parallelepiped and its Simplifying Scale
Dec 1951 — J.R. Jones, John J. Neidhart, Coefficients of Utilization for Luminaires with Concentrating Distributions
Mar 1958 — Philip F. O’Brien, Interreflections in Asymmetrical Rooms
Feb 1959 — B.F. Jones, J.R. Jones, A Versatile Method of Calculating Illumination and Brightness
Jan 1975 — David L. DiLaura, On the Computation of Equivalent Sphere Illumination
Smr 1996 — David L. DiLaura, Nondiffuse Radiative Transfer 2: Planar Area Sources and Receivers
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Color
Six papers published between 1928 and 1969 were selected from this category and
cover the early work on chromaticity, color rendering and flattery index, and
psychological aspects of color.
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Controls and Economics
The five articles from this category were published between 1936 and 1976. They cover
the control systems—switching and dimming—that were developed for each of the
modern light sources as they became commercially available and the need to control
them arose.
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Jan 1936 — S.R. McCandless, Fred M. Wolff, Electrical Control for Varying Lighting Intensities
May 1952 — A.C. Barr, C.L. Amick, Fundamentals of Lighting Cost Analysis
Jan 1954 — J.H. Campbell, H.E. Schutz, W.H. Abbott, Dimming Hot Cathode Fluorescent Lamps
Apr 1963 — E.E. Von Zastrow, Fluorescent Lamp Dimming with Semiconductors
Oct 1976 — T.K. McGowan, G.E. Feiker, A New Approach to Lighting System Control
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Daylighting
The seven articles in this category cover the period from 1914 to 1993 and describe
daylight availability measurements, development of daylight calculation methods, and
the analysis of the energy saving potential of daylighting.
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Jan 1914 — L.B. Marks, J.E. Woodwell, Planning for Daylight and Sunlight: Buildings
May 1923 — H.H. Kimball, Daylight Illumination on Horizontal, Vertical and Sloping Surfaces
Apr 1940 — E. Elvegard, G. Sjostedt, The Calculation of Illumination from Sun and Sky
Jan 1953 — R.L. Biesele, Jr., W.J. Arner, E.W. Conover, A Lumen Method of Daylighting Design
Jul 1977 — Joseph B. Murdoch, A Procedure for Calculating the Potential Savings in Lighting Energy from the Use of Skylights
Jul 1984 — Gary Gillette, William Pierpoint, Stephen Treado, A General Illuminance Model for Daylighting Availability
Wtr 1993 — R. Perez, R. Seals, J. Michalsky, Modeling Skylight Angular Luminance Distribution from Routine Irradiance Measurements |
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Glare
These seven articles trace the development from 1925 to 1966 of the Visual Comfort
Probability System, and some of its precursors, and one of its simplifications.
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Mar 1925 — M. Luckiesh, L.L. Holladay, Glare and Visibility
Sep 1945 — Ward Harrison, Glare Ratings
Nov 1949 — Matthew Luckiesh, Sylvester K. Guth, Brightnesses in Visual Field at Borderline Between Comfort and Discomfort (BCD)
Jan 1955 — Glenn A. Fry, Mathew Alpern, Effect of a Peripheral Glare Source Upon the Apparent Brightness of an Object
Jun 1957 — R.G. Hopkinson, Evaluation of Glare
Jun 1965 — C.L. Crouch, Derivation, Background and Use of the ‘Scissors Curve’
Oct 1966 — Sylvester K. Guth, Computing Visual Comfort Ratings for a Specific Interior Lighting Installation |
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Human Factors
These four articles were published between 1968 and 1990 and cover some of the early
work in the application of psychophysics preference and performance of occupants
under different lighting systems.
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Jan 1968 — Sylvester K. Guth, John F. McNelis, Visual Performance: A Comparison in Terms of Detection of Presence and Discrimination of Detail
Oct 1973 — John E. Flynn, Terry J. Spencer, Osyp Martyniuk, Clyde Hendrick, Interim Study of Procedures for Investigating the Effect of Light on Impression and Behavior
Jan 1979 — John E. Flynn, Terry Spencer, Osyp Martyniuk, Clyde Hendrick, A Guide to Methodology Procedures for Measuring Subjective Impressions in lighting
Smr 1990 — Belinda L. Collins, Will Fisher, Gary Gillette, Robert W. Marans, Second-Level Post-Occupancy Evaluation Analysis
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Light Sources
The 14 papers in this category cover the long span of 1914 to 1997. Incandescent,
tungsten-halogen, fluorescent, HID, and LED sources are described. In some cases, the
articles announce and describe ground-breaking developments.
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Jan 1914 — Roscoe Scott, The Evolution of the Lamp
Jun 1936 — J.A. St. Louis, Characteristics of 400-Watt and 250-Watt Type H Mercury Lamps
Jan 1939 — G.E. Inman, Characteristics of Fluorescent Lamps
Nov 1952 — A.E. Lemmers, W.W. Brooks, New Fluorescent Lamp and Ballast Design For Rapid Starting
Dec 1959 — E.G. Zubler, F.A. Mosby, An Iodine Incandescent Lamp with Virtually 100 Percent Lumen Maintenance
May 1963 — E.M. Beesley, A. Makulec, H.H. Schroeder, Lamps with Multilayer Interference-Film Reflectors
Feb 1965 — J.F. Waymouth, W.C. Gungle, J.M. Harris, F. Koury, A New Metal Halide Arc Lamp
Apr 1965 — David D. Van Horn, Mathematical and Physical Bases for Incandescent Lamp Exponents
Dec 1965 — W.C. Louden, K. Schmidt, High-Pressure Sodium Discharge Arc Lamps
Oct 1973 — W.A. Thornton, Fluorescent Lamps with High Color-Discrimination Capability
Jul 1982 — A. Bouwknegt, Compact Fluorescent lamps
Smr 1991 — R.S. Bergman, Halogen-IR Lamp Development: A System Approach
Wtr 1997 — S. Carleton, P.A. Seinen, J. Stoffels, Metal Halide Lamps with Ceramic Envelopes: A Breakthrough in Color Control
Wtr 1997 — I. Lewin, J. Corbin, M. Janoff, The Application of Light Emitting Diodes to Traffic Signals
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Luminaires and Optics
Between 1907 and 1977 four important articles were published that described advances
in light control and luminaire design, driven by the desire to reduce discomfort glare or
improve visual task contrast and performance.
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Measurements and Photometry
These 13 articles were published between 1910 and 1990 and describe the development
of the v-lambda function, the advent of physical photometry with photovoltaic cells, and
advances in photometry for large sources.
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Nov 1910 — Herbert E. Ives, Some Spectral Luminosity Curves Obtained By Flicker And Equality Of Brightness Photometers
Mar 1923 — C.C. Colby Jr., C.M. Doolittle, A Distribution Photometer Of New Design
Jun 1935 — C.L. Dows, G.R. Baumgartner, Two Photo-voltaic Cell Photometers for Measurement of Light Distribution
Sep 1936 — Marlin E. Fogle, New Color Corrected Photronic Cells for Accurate Light Measurements
Apr 1950 — Matthew Luckiesh, A.A. Eastman, S.K. Guth, A New Scale of Relative Footcandles for the Luckiesh -Moss Visibility Meter
Dec 1957 — Charles A. Douglas, Computation of the Effective Intensity of Flashing Lights
Nov 1968 — I. Lewin, W.B. Bell, Luminance Measurement by Photographic Photometry
Sep 1982 — Robert E. Levin, The Photometric Connection - Part I
Oct 1982 — Robert E. Levin, The Photometric Connection - Part II
Nov 1982 — Robert E. Levin, The Photometric Connection - Part III
Dec 1982 — Robert E. Levin, The Photometric connection - Part IV
Smr 1987 — P.Y. Ngai, On Near-Field Photometry
Wtr 1990 — Steve Stannard, John Brass, Application Distance Photometry |
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Non-Visual Effects
These two articles appeared in 1968 and 1971 and deal with biological effects of light.
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Roadway Lighting
Light distribution and roadway visibility are treated in these six articles that appeared
between 1955 and 1975.
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Vision
The 14 articles in this category describe various important effects and applications of
vision research on lighting practice between 1910 and 1999.
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Feb 1910 — Herbert E. Ives, Luminous Efficiency
Nov 1928 — Percy W. Cobb, Frank K. Moss, Glare And The Four Fundamental Factors In Vision
Jan 1930 — M. Luckiesh, F.K. Moss, The New Science Of Seeing
Nov 1952 — H. Richard Blackwell, Brightness Discrimination Data for The Specification of Quantity of Illumination
Apr 1957 — R.G. Hopkinson, Assessment of Brightness
Jun 1959 — H. Richard Blackwell, Development and Use of a Quantitative Method for Specification of Interior Illumination Levels on the Basis of Performance Data
Aug 1963 — Robert M. Boynton, Norma D. Miller, Visual Performance Under Conditions of Transient Adaptation
Apr 1970 — H. Richard Blackwell, Measurement of the Contrast Rendition Factor For Pencil Handwritten Tasks
Apr 1971 — Robert M. Boynton, Daniel E. Boss, The Effect of Background Luminance and Contrast Upon Visual Search Performance
Oct 1971 — O. Mortenson Blackwell, H. Richard Blackwell, Visual Performance Data for 156 Normal Observers of Various Ages
Jul 1976 — Stanley W. Smith, Performance of Complex Tasks under Different Levels of Illumination
Smr 1986 & Wtr 1987 — Mark S. Rea, Toward a Model of Visual Performance: Foundations and Data
Wtr 1987 — S.M. Berman, D.L. Jewett, L.R. Bingham, R.M. Nahass, F. Perry, G. Fein, Pupillary Size Differences under Incandescent and High Pressure Sodium Lamps
Wtr 1999 — Alan L. Lewis, Visual Performance as a Function of Spectral Power Distribution of Light Sources at Luminances Used for General Outdoor Lighting
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